Regarding the two science unknowns ... 1. mesotron that binds protons and neutrons
(considered as "carrier stream" and not resident in nucleus)
2. "unknown energy" that binds protons and binds neutrons
See also: https://www-yukawa.phys.sci.osaka-u.ac. ... rchive/640
"Introduction to the Mesotron" (Yukawa's 1939 lecture manuscript)
See also: http://www.theub.org/part-ii.html#P042_8
Paper 42 - Energy — Mind and Matter, 8. Atomic Cohesion
Re: https://world-nuclear.org/information-l ... power.aspx"Nuclear Fusion Power" (Dec, 2022)
"Normally, fusion is not possible because the strongly repulsive electrostatic forces between the positively charged nuclei prevent them from getting close enough together to collide and for fusion to occur. However, if the conditions are such that the nuclei can overcome the electrostatic forces to the extent that they can come within a very close range of each other, then the attractive nuclear force (which binds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei) between the nuclei will outweigh the repulsive (electrostatic) force, allowing the nuclei to fuse together. Such conditions can occur when the temperature increases, causing the ions to move faster and eventually reach speeds high enough to bring the ions close enough together. The nuclei can then fuse, causing a release of energy."
Apparently, this article's "attractive nuclear force which binds ..." is not 42:8.1's "secret of (atoms') basic constitution and ultimate behavior"; this attractive nuclear force is the mesotron. However, "fusion" refers to the forced binding of two atoms, suggesting that fusion involves a different force (massive gravitational force during HIGH temperature?). And the new energy is simply that released when nuclei fuse - neither the "unknown energy" (UB) or the "attractive nuclear force" (this article).Section 8 of this Paper seems to explain the article's "attractive nuclear force", a force not yet well understood by science: "The integrity of the nucleus is maintained by the reciprocal cohering function of the mesotron, which is able to hold charged and uncharged particles together because of superior force-mass power and by the further function of causing protons and neutrons constantly to change places." (42:8.4)
In other words, the energy released during fusion is now known by science, a force necessary to cause fusion (massive gravitational force during HIGH heat) is also known, but the force/energy that binds protons and neutrons (mesotron) is still not completely understood. And the UB further reveals that the "undiscovered energy" is not this mesotron:
"The mesotron explains certain cohesive properties of the atomic nucleus, but it does not account for the cohesion of proton to proton nor for the adhesion of neutron to neutron. The paradoxical and powerful force of atomic cohesive integrity is a form of energy as yet undiscovered on Urantia." (42:8.6)
Re: https://www.newscientist.com/definition ... ear-force/"The strong force holds together quarks, the fundamental particles that make up the protons and neutrons of the atomic nucleus,
and further holds together protons and neutrons to form atomic nuclei. As such it is responsible for the underlying stability of matter."
Apparently, the mesotron is this "strong force" 
... but not the "undiscovered energy".
Re: https://www.sciencefacts.net/strong-nuclear-force.html
"The first theory of the strong nuclear force was discovered in 1935 by Japanese physicist Hideki Yukawa."
Perhaps, the UB's discussion of the mesotron was permitted because this force had been discovered,but not the existence of the mesotron and its influence ... which is science revelation
Physicists knew about the mesotron long ago:Re: https://www.nature.com/articles/142878c0 (1938)
"Mesotron (Intermediate Particle) as a Name for the New Particles of Intermediate Mass"
"The existence of particles intermediate in mass between protons and electrons has been shown in experiments on the cosmic radiation."
Re: https://www.jstor.org/stable/24988911m (Oct, 1940)
"The Evanescent Mesotron"
Japanese physicist, Yukawa, theorized the influence of the mesotron on protons and neutrons. However, he theorized a continuous stream of charged particles causing the protons and neutrons to change places - not mesotrons with their "superior force-mass power" (42:8.4). However, by what sub-atomic magic can atoms deep within anything (living or not) be guaranteed a continuous stream of particles to maintain those atoms' stability? Best guess then: They had to come from outside the atom because the UB's mesotron had not yet been revealed. 
Getting a bit deep into the atom ...Re: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny- ... revisited/
"Specifically for the strong nuclear force, Yukawa proposed that a previously unknown particle, now called a pion, is exchanged between nucleons, transmitting the force between them. Figure 1 illustrates how a pion would carry a force between a proton and a neutron. The pion has mass and can only be created by violating the conservation of mass-energy. This is allowed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle if it occurs for a sufficiently short period of time."
That Yukawa's mesotron (now pion) was not considered a permanent particle in the atomic nucleus might now cause more uncertainty in the "Heisenberg uncertainty principle" if the mesotron were no longer believed to be transient! And "infinitesimal" of this quote suggests that Yukawa's "carrier stream" of particles would cause a certain radioactive glow to every atom everywhere! 
"The mesotron causes the electric charge of the nuclear particles to be incessantly tossed back and forth between protons and neutrons. At one infinitesimal part of a second a given nuclear particle is a charged proton and the next an uncharged neutron." (42:8.4)
About pions (once known as "mesotrons") ...Re: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion
"Pions do not exist for a long time. (On average, charged pions exist for around 26 nanoseconds; neutral pions last a tiny fraction of this). Pions are significant to our lives because they are one of the ways for strong force interactions to take place between nucleons like the protons and neutrons of ordinary matter. These interactions hold the nucleus together."
If a mesotron (pion) exists in the atom (not delivered in a "carrier stream"), proven science of sub-atomic particles hints that known pions are released during research using particle accelerators. Also, it doesn't seem universe-intuitive that EVERY atom's stability would be dependent on an external carrier stream of particles. And 42:8.4's mesotron coherence function, as a permanent particle, seems much more instantly precise than if these particles are streamed to the atom. About cosmic rays (aka "space rays") ...These mesotrons are found abundantly in the space rays which so incessantly impinge upon your planet." (42:8.7)
suggests why mesotrons (pions) might be considered a carrier stream even if such particle was resident in the atom.
Re: https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/wha ... osmic-rays
"Cosmic rays are actually particles from space that travel across the universe. They started out as atoms that had their outer layers stripped away and are now just nuclei. They move extremely fast - nearly the speed of light. Trillions upon trillions of cosmic rays hit the Earth every day. The vast majority of them are blocked by Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field, but sometimes they will strike particles in the atmosphere and create a shower of secondary particles that make it to the ground. Most of the cosmic rays we get here on Earth come from the sun, but we’ve also picked up particles that we think are coming from other galaxies."
That the majority of cosmic rays are blocked suggests that a mesotron "carrier stream" is not a reliable way to maintain an atom's stability", requiring a mesotron to be resident in its nucleus. However, a supply of mesotrons
seems universe intent for replenishment (or formation of new atoms) ... and hinting of a better atomic model:
electrons surrounding core of protons, neutrons, pions.
More about the pion ...Re: https://www.energy.gov/science/np/artic ... l-symmetry (May, 2021)
"Pions are subatomic particles that carry the strong force that binds protons and neutrons together in nuclei. This force accounts for 98 percent of the mass of the visible universe. Pions are also the simplest of the subatomic particles, built of the same ingredients as protons and neutrons - quarks."
Re: https://homework.study.com/explanation/ ... -pion.html
"Pions are important in the strong interaction, also known as the strong nuclear force, which holds protons and neutrons together within atomic nuclei. They participate in the force exchange between nucleons (protons and neutrons) and help keep atomic nuclei stable by conveying the force that binds the nucleus together."
This force that is "conveyed" is described in the UB as the function of the mesotron (pion),suggesting a new atomic model: electrons surrounding core of protons, neutrons, pions:
"The integrity of the nucleus is maintained by the reciprocal cohering function of the mesotron, which is able to hold charged and uncharged particles together because of superior force-mass power and by the further function of causing protons and neutrons constantly to change places. The mesotron causes the electric charge of the nuclear particles to be incessantly tossed back and forth between protons and neutrons. (42:8.4)
More about Hideki Yukawa's mesotron (why the UB used this term) ... Re: https://www.britannica.com/science/suba ... antiquarks
"The pi-meson, or pion, which is the lightest meson and an important component of cosmic rays*,
exists in three forms: with charge e (or 1), with charge 0, and with charge −e (or −1)."
Do these pion charges (1, 0, -1) not suggest a pinball effectthat occurs in the pion's interactions with protons and neutrons
with all three particles bouncing to another charge?
* "These mesotrons are found abundantly in the space rays which so incessantly impinge upon your planet." (42:8.7)
Re: https://www.britannica.com/science/strong-force
"The strong force, a fundamental interaction of nature that acts between subatomic particles of matter. The strong force binds quarks together in clusters to make more-familiar subatomic particles, such as protons and neutrons. It also holds together the atomic nucleus and underlies interactions between all particles containing quarks."
Re: https://www.britannica.com/science/suba ... rong-force
"Yukawa’s work was little known outside Japan until 1937, when Carl Anderson and his colleague Seth Neddermeyer announced that, five years after Anderson’s discovery of the positron, they had found a second new particle in cosmic radiation. The new particle seemed to have exactly the mass Yukawa had prescribed and thus was seen as confirmation of Yukawa’s theory"
"Kemmer’s work followed to some extent the trail Heisenberg had begun in 1932. Close similarities between nuclei containing the same total number of protons and neutrons, but in different combinations, suggest that protons can be exchanged for neutrons and vice versa without altering the net effect of the nuclear binding force."
Good discussion of Yukawa's theory but does not reveal UB's mesotron with its "function of causing protons and neutrons constantly to change places".
See also: https://urantiabooksources.com/wp-conte ... 11/042.pdf
"Paper 42 — Energy - Mind and Matter" (Matthew Block's Parallel Chart)
Similar discussion about Yukawa's mesotron but UB sources focus on "photons acting as energy conveyors between two electric charges",
not revealing that the mesotron itself (not as a stream of particles)
causes this exchange (42:8.4).
Who can tell? The quarkiness of protons and neutronsnow hints that they exchange faces - not places - as suggested here:
Re: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hb ... adron.html
"Pions interact with nuclei and transform a neutron to a proton or vice versa"
After all, changing places hints of unnecessary nuclear turbulence
just to maintain stability of the atom.
Rod
